Efecto de la amigdalotomía e hipotalamotomía unilateral en pacientes con agresividad refractaria / Effect of tonsillotomy and unilateral hypothalamotomy in patients with refractory aggressiveness

Resumen Antecedentes: El tratamiento neuroquirúrgico, aunque polémico, se considera un recurso útil en el tratamiento de enfermedades psiquiátricas crónicas como la agresividad refractaria. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados clínicos y los efectos colaterales de la hipotalamotomía posteromedial (HPM) asociada a amigdalotomía en pacientes con agresividad refractaria. Método: Se realizó un ensayo clínico en pacientes con agresividad crónica y refractaria a tratamiento farmacológico. Se les realizó amigdalotomía central asociada a HPM mediante termocoagulación por radiofrecuencia. El grado de agresividad se cuantificó mediante la escala global de agresividad de Yudofsky. Los cambios postoperatorios en la conducta agresiva continuaron siendo evaluados cada 6 meses durante al menos 36 meses. Resultados: Se observó un cambio estadísticamente significativo de la conducta agresiva, a lo largo de 36 meses de seguimiento. Se describen los efectos colaterales de la asociación de ambos procedimientos, siendo el de mayor frecuencia la somnolencia y algunos casos de reducción en la conducta sexual. Conclusión: Las lesiones unilaterales simétricas y simultáneas del núcleo central de la amígdala y del hipotálamo posteromedial contralaterales a la dominancia motora dan el mismo efecto clínico en la reducción de la agresividad patológica que las lesiones bilaterales.

Abstract Background: Neurosurgical treatment, although controversial, is considered a useful resource in the treatment of chronic psychiatric diseases such as refractory aggressiveness. Objective: To evaluate the clinical results and side effects of posteromedial hypothalamotomy associated with amygdalotomy in patients with refractory aggressiveness. Method: A clinical trial was conducted in patients with chronic aggressiveness and refractory to pharmacological treatment. A central amygdalotomy associated with posteromedial hypothalamotomy was performed using thermo-coagulation by radiofrequency. The degree of aggressiveness was quantified by the Yudofsky's global scale of aggression. Postoperative changes in aggressive behavior continued to be evaluated every 6 months for at least 36 months. Results: A statistically significant change in aggressive behavior was observed during 36 months of follow-up. The collateral effects of the association of both procedures are described, the most frequent being drowsiness and some cases of reduction in sexual behavior. Conclusion: Symmetric and simultaneous unilateral lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala and the posteromedial hypothalamus contralateral to motor dominance give the same clinical effect in the reduction of the pathological aggression that the bilateral lesions.

Procedimientos neuroquirúrgicoscerebrales guiados por estereotaxiarealizados en el Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio (HUSI): evolución a corto y mediano plazo / Neurosurgical Brain Estereotactic- Guided Procedures Performed at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI): Development in the Short and Medium Term

Objetivo: Describir los resultados postoperatorios de los pacientes a los que se lesrealizaron procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos cerebrales guiados por estereotaxia enel Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio durante el periodo julio del 2009-julio del2011. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 78 pacientes,sus características clínicas, la localización de las lesiones en las neuroimágenes,el tipo de procedimiento, los resultados funcionales y los desenlaces a corto ymediano plazo. Resultados: 78 pacientes tuvieron procedimientos neuroquirúrgicosguiados por estereotaxia entre julio del 2009 y julio del 2011. El 64,1 % (n = 50)eran hombres. La localización de las lesiones fue en orden de frecuencia: gangliossubtalámicos, lóbulo frontal, lóbulo temporal, tálamo, unión córtico-subcortical, tallocerebral, ubicación frontotemporal, lóbulo occipital, ubicación parieto-occipital ybase del cráneo. Discusión: La implementación de procedimientos neuroquirúrgicosguiados por estereotaxia sigue siendo una de las mejores opciones en el abordaje depatologías cerebrales profundas o de difícil acceso. Tanto en Colombia como en elresto del mundo son procedimientos con una baja tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad.Conclusiones: Independientemente del tipo de procedimiento guiado por estereotaxiala tasa de complicaciones no excede el 5 %, tasas similares a las obtenidas en laliteratura mundial...

Objective: Retrospective description of postoperativeoutcomes of patients who underwentneurosurgical brain stereotactic guided proceduresat the Hospital Universitario San Ignacioduring the period July 2009-July 2011. Materialsand Methods: A review of medical recordsof 78 patients who were taken to neurosurgicalstereotactic guided procedures at the HospitalUniversitario San Ignaci. We reviewed the clinicalcharacteristics of patients, the location of thelesions on neuroimaging, management, type ofprocedure of each patient, functional results andoutcomes in the short and medium term. Results:78 patients who underwent neurosurgical brainstereotactic guided procedures between July2009 to July 2011 at the Hospital UniversitarioSan Ignacio. The 64.1 % (n = 50) were men. Thelocation of the lesions were in order of frequencysub-thalamic ganglia, frontal lobe, temporallobe, thalamus, cortico-subcortical junction, brainstem,fronto-temporal location, occipital lobe,parieto-occipital location, and at the skull’s base.Discussion: Implementing guided stereotacticneurosurgical procedures remains one of the bestoptions in dealing with deep brain pathologies ordifficult access. In both Colombia and the rest ofthe world, these are procedures with low morbidityand mortality. It must, however, developmulticenter studies that allow us to observe thedevelopment of stereotactic neurosurgery in ourcountry, also develop studies with a larger continuityto assess the long-term outcomes. Conclusions:Whatever type of stereotactic guidedprocedure the rate of complications does not exceed5 %, similar rates to those obtained from theglobal literature...

Aplicações de técnica estereotáctica para a neurocirurgia molecular: uma revisão / Use of stereotactic procedures in molecular neurosurgery: a review

Avanços consideráveis foram obtidos na compreensão das bases moleculares de várias doenças neurológicas. Embora a biologia molecular dos tumores cerebrais e doenças neurodegenerativas tenham se tornado mais conhecidas, a utilização desses conhecimentos para alcançar resultados terapêuticos melhores permanece um desafio. Os procedimentos estereotácticos na neurocirurgia molecular constituem um método adequado de introdução de material gênico na estrutura tissular cerebral. Numerosas doenças resistentes a qualquer tratamento são passíveis de cura em um futuro próximo devido a terapia genética incuráveis abrem perspectivas para num futuro próximo serem manuseadas pela terapia gênica, apesar das limitações no presente como a rejeição imunológica e a ausência de um vetor ideal.

Remarkable advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular basis of many neurological diseases. Although the molecularbiology of brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases are better understood, the use of this information to achieve better therapeutic resultsremains a challenge. The stereotactic procedure for molecular neurosurgery constitutes an adequate method of delivery of genetic material to cerebral tissue. A number of diseases resistant to any treatment are amenable to be cured in a short future due to genetic therapy although the present limitations that include immunological rejection and the lack of an ideal vector.